# What is the energy use and CO2 of the Giridih secondary steel cluster in Jharkhand?

Canonical: https://senseible.earth/answers/giridih-secondary-steel-cluster-energy-co2

TERI's May 2024 profile puts Giridih's steel units at 1.49 million t of coal and 1,095 million kWh a year, about 0.88 million toe, and 3.93 million t CO2. Sponge iron is half of it: 1.97 million t CO2 from 0.75 million t of DRI.

## What the cluster makes

- About 30 steel units, mostly on Tundi Road. TERI's production table: DRI 7,50,000 t, pig iron 6,45,000 t, steel melting 6,00,000 t, ferro alloys 37,400 t, re-rolling, wire and others 5,86,800 t.
- Known for Fe 550 and Fe 600 TMT bars; also billets, wire rod, binding and barbed wire, nails.
- Most units take DVC power for its reliability and lower tariff.

## CO2 by unit type

- DRI: 1.05 million t of coal and 90 million kWh, 1.97 million t CO2.
- Pig iron: 0.39 million t of coal and coke, 1.17 million t CO2.
- Steel melting: 720 million kWh, 0.51 million t CO2.
- Ferro alloys: 180 million kWh, 0.21 million t CO2.

## Giridih kilns burn more coal per tonne

1.05 million t of coal for 0.75 million t of DRI is 1.4 t a tonne. TERI's Ballari study puts sponge iron at 1.0 to 1.2 t. Some of the gap is coal quality, so compare heat per tonne using your coal's GCV, but a kiln at 1.4 t has room to save.

## What TERI says would help

- Waste heat power: a 2 x 100 tpd DRI plant could generate about 4 MW.
- Better kiln lining: about 5 kg of coal saved per tonne.
- Recuperators on reheating furnaces: up to 25% less fuel.
- Continuous casting with direct rolling in place of reheating, and IE3 or IE4 motors: about 10% of motor power.

## CO2 per tonne by unit type (from the profile)

- DRI: 1.97 million t CO2 / 0.75 million t = 2.6 t CO2 per tonne
- Pig iron: 1.17 / 0.645 = 1.8 t CO2 per tonne
- Steel melting: 0.51 / 0.60 = 0.85 t CO2 per tonne (1,200 kWh a tonne)
- Ferro alloys: 0.21 / 0.0374 = 5.6 t CO2 per tonne
- Cluster: 3.93 / 2.62 = 1.5 t CO2 per tonne of all products

From TERI's May 2024 Giridih profile. The cluster average adds stages that feed each other, so use your own unit type.

## What Senseible does here

Senseible reads coal invoices and DVC bills into monthly records you can divide by tonnes; it has no built-in coke factor. The CBAM pages show what a DRI or billet figure means for an EU buyer.

- [CBAM for exporters](https://senseible.earth/cbam)
- [Giridih sponge iron CBAM figure](https://senseible.earth/answers/giridih-sponge-iron-kiln-cbam-figure)
- [Bankura steel cluster](https://senseible.earth/answers/bankura-secondary-steel-cluster-energy-co2)

Sources: [TERI, Cluster profile: Giridih secondary steel cluster (May 2024)](https://sameeeksha.org/pdf/Cluster%20Profile%20-%20Giridih%20sec%20steel.pdf), [TERI, In-depth study: Iron and steel industries in Ballari cluster (2025)](https://sameeeksha.org/pdf/publications/Ballari%20Cluster%20Report%20Report.pdf), [CEA, CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector (grid factor 0.675 kg CO2 per kWh, FY 2025-26)](https://cea.nic.in/cdm-co2-baseline-view?mappingId=234&lang=en), [IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2 Energy (fuel emission factors)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html)

Last reviewed 2026-10-31.