# Where do emissions come from at a hydrofluoric acid plant?

Canonical: https://senseible.earth/answers/hydrofluoric-acid-plant-emissions-per-tonne

Hydrofluoric acid is made by reacting fluorspar with sulphuric acid in an indirectly heated rotary kiln. The kiln fuel is the main Scope 1 source. Purchased sulphuric acid and fluorspar, with its mining and drying, sit in Scope 3. HF feeds refrigerants and aluminium fluoride.

## Scope 1 and 2

- Fuel for kiln heating.
- Electricity for kiln drive, scrubbers and refrigeration for condensing HF.

## Scope 3

- Fluorspar, including drying.
- Sulphuric acid, unless made on site.
- Gypsum disposal, if sent away.

## What Senseible does here

Senseible reads bills, fuel invoices and production records into dated, fingerprinted records, so the figure you send a buyer can be traced to its documents.

- [Sulphuric acid plant](https://senseible.earth/answers/sulphuric-acid-plant-emissions-steam-export)
- [HFC-23 by-product](https://senseible.earth/answers/hfc-23-from-hcfc-22-production)

Sources: [IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2 Energy (fuel defaults)](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html), [GHG Protocol Corporate Standard](https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard), [GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard](https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-value-chain-scope-3-standard)

Last reviewed 2026-10-22.