# How much diesel do Ludhiana bakeries burn and what is the cluster's CO2?

Canonical: https://senseible.earth/answers/ludhiana-bakery-cluster-diesel-ovens-co2

TERI's Ludhiana profile lists 1,250 kL of diesel a year across about 170 bakeries and 30 soya units, about 81% of the cluster's 3,294 toe. Add 5.26 million kWh and 133 t of LPG, and the cluster comes to roughly 7,250 t CO2 on today's factors (estimate).

## Who is baking on what

Ludhiana bread goes across Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Chandigarh and into Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Over 83% of the 170 bakeries fire their ovens on diesel through mono-block burners of 5 to 8 litres an hour. Small shops bake in electric ovens, and a few medium bakeries have moved to LPG rotary ovens. About 57% of units are micro, and more than 100 turn over under Rs 2.5 lakh a month. The 30 soya units make soya milk and paneer, with a small diesel boiler for pasteurising.

## What a typical unit burns

- Micro diesel bakery, 36 t a year: 3.6 kL of diesel and 6,000 kWh.
- Small diesel bakery, 750 t: 63 kL and 65,350 kWh.
- Small LPG bakery, 300 t: 12.9 t of LPG and 77,500 kWh.
- Medium LPG bakery, 1,200 t: 42.9 t of LPG and 389,610 kWh.
- Soya unit, 15 t: 7.2 kL of diesel, about 20 litres a day for 50 kg of soya, and 12,000 kWh.

## Read the cluster table with care

The table's diesel energy, 2,685 toe, would be about 3,100 kL at the profile's own unit figures, which would put diesel CO2 near 8,200 t rather than 3,300 t. Its CO2 column also prints the diesel and LPG figures in each other's rows. Your own slips matter more than either number.

## Changes TERI listed

- Recuperative burners in place of mono-block burners whose blower keeps cooling the oven after the fuel cuts.
- Hot face insulation so the oven skin runs within about 20 C of the room.
- Steel mesh trays on lighter racks: about 20% less dead weight, 5 to 10% less fuel.
- A move from diesel to LPG rotary ovens: more than 20% less fuel.

## Ludhiana bakery cluster, CO2 a year (estimate)

- Diesel: 1,250 kL x 2,645 kg = 3,306 t CO2
- Electricity: 5.26 million kWh x 0.675 kg = 3,551 t CO2
- LPG: 133 t x 2.98 = 396 t CO2
- Total: about 7,250 t; TERI printed 8,848 t on an older grid factor
- If diesel were 3,100 kL: 8,200 t from diesel, about 12,150 t in all

Fuel quantities from TERI's Ludhiana bakery profile (2017). Diesel and LPG at the factors Senseible uses; grid factor CEA FY 2025-26.

## What Senseible does here

Upload a month of diesel slips, LPG invoices and the power bill, and Senseible gives your bakery's Scope 1 and 2 in minutes, so you send a buyer your figure instead of a cluster average.

- [Your MSME carbon number](https://senseible.earth/msme-carbon-number)
- [LPG or diesel oven per kg of bread](https://senseible.earth/answers/ludhiana-bakery-lpg-vs-diesel-oven-saving)
- [Bakery oven CO2 per kg of bread](https://senseible.earth/answers/bakery-oven-emissions-per-kg-bread)

Sources: [TERI, Cluster profile: Ludhiana bakeries (SAMEEEKSHA)](https://sameeeksha.org/pdf/clusterprofile/ludhiana-bakeries-Punjab.pdf), [IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2 Energy](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html), [CEA, CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector, version 22.0](https://cea.nic.in/cdm-co2-baseline-view?mappingId=234&lang=en)

Last reviewed 2026-10-31.