# The Ludhiana forging cluster profile gives 314,190 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) a year. What factors sit behind it, and what is it on today's grid?

Canonical: https://senseible.earth/answers/ludhiana-forging-314190-tonnes-restated

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) prints 182,600 tonnes of CO2 for 190 million kilowatt hours (kWh), which is 0.961 kg a kWh, and 131,590 tonnes for the oil and diesel. At 0.675 kg a kWh the electricity is 128,250 tonnes, so the cluster total is about 259,840, against 314,190 printed for 2016.

## What the table prints

- Electricity: 190 million kWh, 182,600 tonnes of CO2.
- Thermal: 40,200 tonnes of furnace oil and 525 kilolitres (kL) of diesel, 131,590 tonnes.
- Total 314,190 tonnes, which is 182,600 + 131,590. The profile prints no emission factors and no grid year.

## The factors that fall out

- Electricity: 182,600 tonnes over 190 million kWh is 0.961 kg a kWh. That is my division; the profile does not name its factor. At the 0.675 kg a kWh used for financial year 2025-26, the same power is 128,250 tonnes, which is 54,350 tonnes less.
- Furnace oil: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 defaults give 40.4 gigajoules a tonne (Table 1.2) and 77,400 kg of CO2 per terajoule (Table 2.3), so 3.127 tonnes of CO2 a tonne. On 40,200 tonnes that is 125,704 tonnes.
- Diesel: 525 kL x 2.645 kg a litre is 1,389 tonnes.
- Oil and diesel together are 127,093 tonnes on those factors. The profile's 131,590 is 3.5% higher, so the thermal line is close and the gap most likely sits in the electricity line.

## The total on today's grid

- Keeping the profile's thermal line: 128,250 + 131,590 = 259,840 tonnes.
- Using the factors above for thermal: 128,250 + 127,093 = 255,343 tonnes.
- Per tonne of forgings: the profile gives 492,000 tonnes a year across the cluster, and 372,000 for the 500 micro, small and medium units. It does not say which base its energy total covers. On 259,840 tonnes the range is 0.53 to 0.70 tonnes of CO2 a tonne, against 0.64 to 0.84 on the printed 314,190.

## For your own unit

Do not carry a cluster average into a buyer's form. Take litres of furnace oil from your invoices, kWh from your bills, and multiply by a sourced factor for each. Electricity is Scope 2 and oil and diesel are Scope 1.

## The profile's typical micro and medium units, on today's factors

- Micro: 168,000 kWh x 0.675 = 113.4 t; 30 t oil x 3.127 = 93.8 t; 500 L diesel x 2.645 = 1.3 t; total 208.5 t
- Medium: 780,000 kWh x 0.675 = 526.5 t; 240 t oil x 3.127 = 750.5 t; 3,000 L diesel x 2.645 = 7.9 t; total 1,284.9 t
- Oil is 45% of the micro unit's CO2 and 58% of the medium unit's

Energy use is the profile's typical-unit table (the profile gives no year for it). The 0.675 grid factor is for financial year 2025-26 and 2.645 kg a litre is the diesel factor used on this site.

## What Senseible does here

Senseible reads fuel invoices and electricity bills into monthly records, so you have your own litres and kilowatt hours to hold against the profile's. It does not check a published report for you.

- [Ludhiana forging: furnace oil per tonne](https://senseible.earth/answers/ludhiana-forging-cluster-furnace-oil-per-tonne)
- [Ludhiana forging bill: 27.2 or 272 crore](https://senseible.earth/answers/ludhiana-forging-bill-27-or-272-crore)
- [Forging carbon footprint per tonne](https://senseible.earth/answers/forging-carbon-footprint-per-tonne)
- [Free calculators](https://senseible.earth/calculators)

Sources: [The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Cluster profile: Ludhiana forging industries (SAMEEEKSHA)](https://sameeeksha.org/pdf/clusterprofile/Ludhiana-Forging-Punjab.pdf), [IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2, Chapter 1, Table 1.2 net calorific values](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_1_Ch1_Introduction.pdf), [IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2, Chapter 2, Table 2.3 emission factors](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf), [Central Electricity Authority (CEA), CO2 Baseline Database](https://cea.nic.in/cdm-co2-baseline-view?mappingId=234&lang=en)

Last reviewed 2026-11-05. Cluster figures are the profile's for 2016. The grid factor changes each year; use the one for your reporting year. The IPCC values are 2006 defaults, not measured values for your oil.