What is the energy use of Ludhiana's fastener and sheet metal cluster?
Small next to the steel inside the parts. SAMEEEKSHA puts Ludhiana's 1,000 fastener and 700 sheet metal units at 14,073 toe a year, on electricity and diesel, for 591,000 t of product. That is about 24 kg of oil equivalent a tonne; the wire rod and sheet you buy carry far more.
The cluster
- About 1,000 fastener units and 700 sheet metal units, most of them MSMEs, in a district of about 39,000 industrial units.
- 219,000 t of fasteners a year, worth about Rs 1,400 crore: bolts and nuts, studs, rivets, threaded bars, hex screws.
- 372,000 t of sheet metal products, worth about Rs 3,500 crore: washers, clamps, housings, brackets.
- About 33,000 jobs. Main energy: electricity, with diesel for generators.
Your own energy, per tonne
14,073 toe over 591,000 t is about 24 kgoe a tonne. If it were all grid power that is about 277 kWh and 187 kg CO2 a tonne; if it were all diesel, about 74 kg. Electricity is the main fuel, so most units will sit nearer the top of that range. Your own bills give the real figure.
Where CBAM comes in
Fasteners of iron or steel (heading 7318) are CBAM goods even when they go into a machine or vehicle, because they are parts of general use. Many other articles of steel (7326) are covered too, though a bracket or housing made for one machine may be classified with that machine instead. For steel goods CBAM counts direct emissions only, so your electricity drops out and the embedded emissions of the wire rod or sheet you bought become almost the whole figure.
What to collect first
- Tonnes of wire rod, bar or sheet bought, by supplier and grade, for the calendar year.
- Each steel supplier's embedded emissions per tonne, or their CBAM data if they have it.
- Your diesel and any other fuel burnt on site, from invoices.
- Electricity, for the buyers who want a full product footprint.
Per tonne of product (estimate)
- Energy: 14,073 toe / 591,000 t = 23.8 kgoe per tonne
- As grid power: 23.8 kgoe = 277 kWh x 0.675 = 187 kg CO2
- As diesel: 23.8 kgoe x 3.1 t CO2 per toe = 74 kg CO2
- Cluster: between about 44,000 and 110,000 t CO2 a year from energy
Cluster figures from SAMEEEKSHA's Ludhiana fasteners summary, which gives no split between power and diesel, hence the range. 1 toe taken as 11,628 kWh; diesel CO2 from IPCC 2006.
What Senseible does here
Senseible reads your diesel invoices and power bills into monthly records, and its CBAM pages show how your steel supplier's figure and your own fuel combine into what an EU importer reports.
Sources: SAMEEEKSHA, Cluster summary: Ludhiana fasteners, Regulation (EU) 2023/956 (CBAM), consolidated text, CEA, CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector (grid factor 0.675 kg CO2 per kWh, FY 2025-26), IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2 Energy (fuel emission factors)
Last reviewed 2026-10-31.