Market-Based vs Location-Based Scope 2: Which Number Do You Report?

Published 2026-05-06.

Scope 2 looks deceptively simple ("electricity emissions") until you discover the GHG Protocol requires you to report two different numbers.

The two methods

Location-based

Multiply your kWh consumed by the average grid emission factor of the country or sub-region where consumption occurs. India national grid factor: 0.710 kgCO2/kWh (CEA CO2 Baseline Database v21.0, FY 2024-25).

Market-based

Reflects emissions from electricity that you have contractually purchased (green PPAs, RECs, I-RECs), which can be lower. If you have no contracts, you use the residual mix factor (typically slightly higher than the grid average).

Scenario	Location-based	Market-based
Standard grid only	Same as market	Residual mix
100% solar PPA	Grid factor	~0 kgCO2e/kWh
Rooftop solar self-consumption	Grid factor for what you import	0 for what you generate

CDP, SBTi and CSRD all require dual reporting. CBAM is different: indirect (electricity) emissions count only for cement and fertilisers, and replacing the default electricity factor with an actual one requires evidence such as a direct technical connection or a qualifying power purchase agreement.

Common MSME mistakes

Claiming zero Scope 2 because rooftop solar covers daytime, while importing from grid at night
Buying RECs from a different country than consumption
Counting the same green attribute twice (PPA energy + REC purchase)

What to do

Start with location-based: it is the regulator default
Add market-based only if you hold valid REC, I-REC or PPA documentation
Report both side by side in your annual disclosure
For CBAM, attach the bilateral PPA contract to the verification file

Run both numbers automatically in the Product Carbon Footprint calculator.