How much diesel do Ludhiana bakeries burn and what is the cluster's CO2?
TERI's Ludhiana profile lists 1,250 kL of diesel a year across about 170 bakeries and 30 soya units, about 81% of the cluster's 3,294 toe. Add 5.26 million kWh and 133 t of LPG, and the cluster comes to roughly 7,250 t CO2 on today's factors (estimate).
Who is baking on what
Ludhiana bread goes across Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Chandigarh and into Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Over 83% of the 170 bakeries fire their ovens on diesel through mono-block burners of 5 to 8 litres an hour. Small shops bake in electric ovens, and a few medium bakeries have moved to LPG rotary ovens. About 57% of units are micro, and more than 100 turn over under Rs 2.5 lakh a month. The 30 soya units make soya milk and paneer, with a small diesel boiler for pasteurising.
What a typical unit burns
- Micro diesel bakery, 36 t a year: 3.6 kL of diesel and 6,000 kWh.
- Small diesel bakery, 750 t: 63 kL and 65,350 kWh.
- Small LPG bakery, 300 t: 12.9 t of LPG and 77,500 kWh.
- Medium LPG bakery, 1,200 t: 42.9 t of LPG and 389,610 kWh.
- Soya unit, 15 t: 7.2 kL of diesel, about 20 litres a day for 50 kg of soya, and 12,000 kWh.
Read the cluster table with care
The table's diesel energy, 2,685 toe, would be about 3,100 kL at the profile's own unit figures, which would put diesel CO2 near 8,200 t rather than 3,300 t. Its CO2 column also prints the diesel and LPG figures in each other's rows. Your own slips matter more than either number.
Changes TERI listed
- Recuperative burners in place of mono-block burners whose blower keeps cooling the oven after the fuel cuts.
- Hot face insulation so the oven skin runs within about 20 C of the room.
- Steel mesh trays on lighter racks: about 20% less dead weight, 5 to 10% less fuel.
- A move from diesel to LPG rotary ovens: more than 20% less fuel.
Ludhiana bakery cluster, CO2 a year (estimate)
- Diesel: 1,250 kL x 2,645 kg = 3,306 t CO2
- Electricity: 5.26 million kWh x 0.675 kg = 3,551 t CO2
- LPG: 133 t x 2.98 = 396 t CO2
- Total: about 7,250 t; TERI printed 8,848 t on an older grid factor
- If diesel were 3,100 kL: 8,200 t from diesel, about 12,150 t in all
Fuel quantities from TERI's Ludhiana bakery profile (2017). Diesel and LPG at the factors Senseible uses; grid factor CEA FY 2025-26.
What Senseible does here
Upload a month of diesel slips, LPG invoices and the power bill, and Senseible gives your bakery's Scope 1 and 2 in minutes, so you send a buyer your figure instead of a cluster average.
Sources: TERI, Cluster profile: Ludhiana bakeries (SAMEEEKSHA), IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2 Energy, CEA, CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector, version 22.0
Last reviewed 2026-10-31.